1930s, As already noted, the concept was not adopted by any of the major navies, and however impressive she seemed to conunentators at the time, carrier aviation in the rest of the world was making giant strides.

The Swedes fell into the trap of designing a ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering to meet financial constraints, rather than working out what was needed militarily. Hybrid ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineerings usually result in compromises which reduce their effectiveness in all roles. Although the Cotfanrf's hull was much too small, she would have been marginally more effective if she had been designed as a seaplane carrier pure and simple. Apart from a brief flirtation with heavy anti-ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering guns in the US Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy's large carriers, the only valid carrier doctrine turned out to be that of treating the air group as the ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering's main armament. Logically, therefore, all features which reduce the effectiveness of the air group must be eliminated or scaled-back as far as possible. When in the middle of the Second World a group of naval aviators lobbied for a`battleship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering-canricr' with triple 16in guns ford and aft and a flight deck in between, a senior flag officer coented that it was the product of'gross psychological maladjustment'.

The provision of two extra 152 guns with restricted range and arcs of fire is very reveal­ing to a modern analyst. On such restricted dimensions one might have thought that the weight could be put to better use elsewhere in the ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering. The Baltic can be stormy in winter, and case­mate positions for guns in much larger ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineerings in the British, German and US navies had proved very liable to be flooded in heavy weather-We can only conclude that the Royal Swedish Navy designers did not take such considerations very seriously, one of the consequences of long isolation and a mindset that subconsciously, or even consciously, discounted the risk of ever going to .

Another flaw in the concept was the assumption that the seaplane was adequate to meet the requirements of what is known today as the strike mission. The Osprey was neither better nor worse than its contemporaries. Like them it was fragile and ran the risk of sustaining serious damage when stowed on deck in bad weather, and might all too easily be impossible to hoist back on board. Reconnaissance was within the Osprey's capabilities, but not combat against hostile fighters. The Royal Swedish Navy was not alone in overrating the capabilities of the seaplane, which could never match the performance of wheeled aircraft because too much weight was taken up by the twin floats.                                                                           .

In response to the question of what would have been the correct dimensions and displace­ment for the ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering, the answer is not obvious. In the closing months of the First World the Royal Navy had converted the hull of a 9750-ton cruiser, HMS Vindictive, to a hybrid carrier­cruiser, with a flight deck aft and an armament of single 7.Sin (1 Wolin) guns. She served in the Baltic in the Intervention in 1919-20 but was regarded as too small, an accusation levelled at her similar-sized contemporary, the first Royal Navy ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering built as a carrier from-the-keel up, HMS Herrnes.

Perhaps the best option would have been a larger light cruiser, displacing about 7000 tonnes and capable of launching one or two seaplanes for reconnaissance and spotting for the guns. But that is an opinion based on hindsight; clearly the Swedish Government was keen to keep size down and save money. In the final analysis a navy gets the type of ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering which it thinks it wants at the time. Designers can only implement the official policy, no matter how much they [night wish to do otherwise.Although the Marine zlrntiorrrtlc had grumbled about the ratio of tonnage allowed to the signa­tories of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 (neither France nor Italy nor Japan had parity with file United States nd Great Britain), they could not ignore the category of 10,000-ton, 8in -Gtannrd heavy cruiser. France had a large colonial empire scattered across the Americas, Africa, and East Asia, and a large mercantile tuarine.'1'hesc would suffer if hostile cruisers were able to operate with impunity.

In 1924 two new `Waslrington' cruisrrs were authorised as part of that year's prograe, and ordered on l July the same year.Their design was clearly based on the 155-gttnned Uuguny­'linuin design laid down two years earlier, if for no other reason than the Marine ;1rnlinuale's lack of any other modern cruisers on which to base their ideas. They were to bear the names Duquesne and 7i>urrille, coemorating famous admirals of the sailing era.

The Navy had no 8in (203mnr) gun so the 20.i 50-call Modele 1924 gun arid its mounting had to be designed from scratch. The projectile weighed 127kg, fired at a muzzle velocity of850m per second over a maximum range of 31,U0pm,The 75rnm Modele 1922 were the same as those which armed the light cruisers, but double in number, grouped amidship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineerings and around the after control position.They also received four of the new 37mrn Modele 1925 single anti-aircraft guns, backed up by 132 machine guns.The Mudcle 1923 D'1' SSUnun torpe­does had a range of 20,000m at 29kts, or 10,000m at 35kts.Thr head weighed 415kg.

The French Navy's designers soon found, as had everyone else, chat a balanced design for a ship directories ship directoriesping maritime marine engineering displacing no more than 10,000 tons, armed with a reasonable number of 21)3 guns and adequately protected, required more than the normal amount of compromise. 'Adequate' protection in this context was usually considered to be a combination of deck and side arniour capable of resisting the fire of similarly armed enernies. On that score the Duquesne class failed, as they had only 30tnm box citadels protecting the main magazines, and the same thickness on the deck, turrets and conning tower. A more modest steam plant might have freed some tonnage for thicker armour, but as it stood the 430 tons accounted for just 4.3 per cent of the total.

The machinery benefited from being arranged on the unit systern, with machinery and boil­ers grouped separately.The boilers worked at slightly higher temperatures than those in the light cruisers, and both cruisers exceeded their designed speed on trials. Dugueane reached 3i.3kts on trials, with L31,800 shp, but was beaten by Tlurville, which reached 36.l;kts, despite a lower output of 12(,,y00 slip. Like their Italian rivals, these speeds were never attainable in service,and